[latexpage]
\[\lambda \mathrm{=}\left(\frac{\mathrm{1}}{\phi }\mathrm{-}\mathrm{1}\right)\mathrm{\times 100=}\left(\frac{{AF}_a}{{AF}_s}\mathrm{-}\mathrm{1}\right)\mathrm{\times 100}\]
\[\phi \mathrm{=}\frac{{AF}_s}{{AF}_a}\]
${AF}_{mass}\mathrm{=}\frac{m_{air}}{m_{fuel}}$
${AF}_{mole}\mathrm{=}\frac{n_{air}}{n_{fuel}}$
